Archive for January, 2008
In NYC’s Garment District, lots of clothes but not so many factories
9 hours ago
The Canadian Press
NEW YORK - In the lead up to New York Fashion Week, Manhattan’s Garment District is abuzz with activity. Button shops are bustling, people carry handfuls of patterns on hangers and racks of clothes weave through the streets.
You can feel fashion in the air. But it doesn’t feel that way year-round
The neighbourhood has changed from its manufacturing heyday, with banks, fast-food restaurants and chain retailers moving in as factories have moved out, primarily to Asia. Showrooms have eclipsed factories as the main fashion business tenants, according to one study. And some insiders predict it won’t be long until publishing and public relations take over.
But those who have stayed or come recently to set up manufacturing facilities say there is no place like it for what they do.
“I feel that I’m successful because I have people checking on factories two or three times a day. We can change things, recut things,” says designer Nanette Lepore, who occupies six stories of a Garment District building. “I work on an American fit model three times a week and then make adjustments before something is ‘finished.”‘
The district, which lies roughly between 34th and 40th Streets between Fifth and Ninth Avenues, is a warren of street-level shops filled with bolts of fabric, findings, mannequins and badly lit showrooms of sequined gowns, jeans and accessories. It can be both easy and hard for tourists or non-fashion insiders to find what they are looking for.
Upstairs and deeper in the buildings are offices, more showrooms, sewing rooms and factory space.
Zoning regulations have required one square foot of manufacturing space be set aside for every square foot converted to non-manufacturing use in the district. The city is now considering changing that ratio, reducing manufacturing space and opening up the way for other uses, though no plan has been announced.
Those who do manufacturer there fear they will be displaced. Some landlords say they just want a chance to rent space according to market demands, especially as the surrounding neighbourhoods quickly gentrify.
Like with any other iconic New York neighbourhood, Garment Centre denizens can be passionate about their home.
Marcus Wainwright, co-designer of the hip Rag & Bone label, says it’s the best place for what he does.
The Kentucky factory that used to make his denim fabric closed as did the North Carolina factory in which made the jeans. “We bought every single machine we were using in North Carolina, brought up the head of production and set up in the Garment District,” Wainwright said.
It’s worked out well.
“You have to learn how to design but also how to source and the Garment District is priceless for that. You can’t do that in London or Chicago. If the Garment District was to disappear, it sounds dramatic, but New York might cease to be the focus of the garment industry,” he said.
Control, craftsmanship and quick turnaround are things designers appreciate most about the Garment District, says Steven Kolb, president of the Council of Fashion Designers of America.
He says the CFDA did an informal survey of its members and most reported producing some part of their line in New York, but what’s driving the fashion business now in the city is publishing and public relations.
“It’s not to me black or white,” Kolb says. “It’s about a balance of preserving the infrastructure of an industry and modernizing the neighbourhood.”
January 30th, 2008
67 garment factories awarded GWG certification
The Island (subscription), Sri Lanka
67 garment factories received ‘Garments Without Guilt’ (GWG) certification at a special function organised by Joint Apparel Association Forum last Sunday after international auditors confirmed that these factories adhered to the GWG code of conduct which says no to child labour, forced labour and discrimination of any kind.
The code of conduct also places emphasis in the environment and strictly forbids sweatshop conditions in garment factories.
The audit was carried out by the SGS Group, a Swiss organisation with 50,000 employees in 140 countries specialising in carrying out social and environmental accountability audits.
Global Compliance Manager for SGS Jonathan Hall said that social and ethical practices are viewed as fundamental aspects of business and play an imperative role in securing an organisation’s competitiveness.
“The future will be such that only those businesses which adopt social and ethical practices will be able to survive,” he said.
‘Garments Without Guilt’ was launched by Joint Apparel Association Forum (JAAF) in 2006 as an image building campaign to secure buyers for garments manufactured in Sri Lanka by promoting the ethical conditions prevailing in the industry.
“This was what we had with us for a long time,” Chairman JAAF, Ajith Dias, said, “We never talked about or promoted it to our buyers. We never had issues of child labour, ethical compliance issues and neither did we ever find consumers protesting in front of retail stores that our garments were produced in sweatshops. But now, GWG is gathering momentum and our buyers, as well as our competitors, are giving us their attention.”
Dias said that compliance is a costly affair which has resulted in garments produced in Sri Lanka to be more expensive than competitor countries.
However, consumers world over are showing great concern about how products they consume are being produced.
Neil Hacket, Country Manager, Marks and Spencer said that compliance of the GWG code of conduct was the only thing differentiating Sri Lanka from the rest of the garment manufacturing countries.
“It is not about minimising costs to reap better returns, but it is all about what else you can do,” he said explaining that consumers would be willing to pay more for products produced ethically.
Kumar Mirchandani, Chairman, JAAF Marketing Committee, said that phase one of GWG was completed with the research and launch of GWG.
“Now we move on to the second phase where we will engage specific audiences worldwide and reach out to our consumers with our message. Sri Lanka Apparel is a caring brand and we run business the right way and should be proud about it,” he said.
The garment industry employs 272,000 out of which 80 per cent are women and JAAF through GWG conducts various programmes to empower these women not only in work but also in their personal lives. - DD
January 29th, 2008
Garment, knitwear exports rise
The News - International, Pakistan
By By Mansoor Ahmad
1/29/2008
LAHORE: Twelve foreign garment experts, besides training two local experts, are imparting training in 12 different export-oriented garment and knitwear industries of the country in an effort to boost their quality and productivity.
The impact of this training programme is already visible in the shape of six to 10 per cent increase in exports after six months of training at a time when exports of the sector are generally on the decline. This also gives credence to general impression in official circles that quality and efficiency are the main impediments in the way of increasing apparel exports to their potential.
The News has learnt that after evaluating reports of two international consultants, Werner and Gizri, the federal government decided to remove deficiencies in skills and efficiency faced by the value-added apparel sector. In the short-term, foreign experts were hired to provide on-job training and introduce new technologies in leading industries and at the same time train local trainers who could impart training on a broader scale in government’s technical institutes.
These experts, engaged for a period of one year by the Technology Upgradation and Skill Development Company (TUSDEC), started imparting training in March 2007 at the start of the judicial crisis and stayed throughout the period of political uncertainty. This has sent a positive message to foreign buyers that business and foreigners’ safety has not been compromised due to the law and order situation during the past 10 months.
The experts were engaged after discussions with the local exporters about the various problems they faced in improving their efficiency and quality. According to TUSDEC sources, the main concern of the exporters was about sewing process that included cutting and stitching of garments and knitwear. Other problem areas were dying, finishing, knitting, laundry, packing, industrial engineering and mechanical maintenance of their units.
The most surprising aspect was that the top and big apparel exporters of the country faced these problems. The smaller units too naturally faced multiple of these problems with more severity.
Skill Upgradation Project Director Waqas Munir Qureshi, talking to The News, said the company had decided to start enhancement of skills and technical know-how with the top exporters that had comparatively better workforce, machinery and infrastructure.
He said the company engaged two local experts in the same fields with the foreign experts, adding the idea was to improve the capacity of the local experts to the level of foreign experts who would transfer skills and knowledge to them during their one-year stay in large units. In these units, they were already engaged in improving procedures and skills of the staff.
The local experts would then be placed at the disposal of other exporting units to apply what they learnt from the foreign experts. The News has learnt that five apparel exporting units in Faisalabad, five in Lahore and one each in Karachi and Pindi Bhattian are currently benefiting from the services of these experts. Each unit was given the option to select up to four fields where they needed expert advice on skill and technical improvement.
Many exporters complain that they were not consulted in that process. TUSDEC authorities, however, contend that top exporters were included in the process and said in case of refusal by any unit falling under the training programme on merit the next best was selected.
January 29th, 2008
CHANGING NYC: In Garment District, change is under way
By SAMANTHA CRITCHELL | AP Fashion Writer
5:47 PM EST, January 28, 2008
Newsday, NY
NEW YORK - In the lead-up to New York Fashion Week, Manhattan’s Garment District is abuzz with activity. Button shops are bustling, people carry handfuls of patterns on hangers and racks of clothes weave through the streets.
You can feel fashion in the air. But it doesn’t feel that way year-round.
The neighborhood has changed from its manufacturing heyday, with banks, fast-food restaurants and chain retailers moving in as factories have moved out, primarily to Asia. Showrooms have eclipsed factories as the main fashion business tenants, according to one study. And some insiders predict it won’t be long until publishing and public relations take over.
But those who have stayed or come recently to set up manufacturing facitilies say there is no place like it for what they do.
“I feel that I’m successful because I have people checking on factories two or three times a day. We can change things, recut things,” says designer Nanette Lepore, who occupies six stories of a Garment District building. “I work on an American fit model three times a week and then make adjustments before something is `finished.”‘
The district, which lies roughly between 34th and 40th Streets between Fifth and Ninth Avenues, is a warren of street-level shops filled with bolts of fabric, findings, mannequins and badly lit showrooms of sequined gowns, jeans and accessories. It can be both easy and hard for tourists or non-fashion insiders to find what they are looking for.
Upstairs and deeper in the buildings are offices, more showrooms, sewing rooms and factory space.
Zoning regulations have required one square foot of manufacturing space be set aside for every square foot converted to non-manufacturing use in the district. The city is now considering changing that ratio, reducing manufacturing space and opening up the way for other uses, though no plan has been announced.
Those who do manufacture there fear they will be displaced. Some landlords say they just want a chance to rent space according to market demands, especially as the surrounding neighborhoods quickly gentrify.
Like with any other iconic New York neighborhood, Garment Center denizens can be passionate about their home.
Marcus Wainwright, co-designer of the hip Rag & Bone label, says it’s the best place for what he does.
The Kentucky factory that used to make his denim fabric closed as did the North Carolina factory in which made the jeans. “We bought every single machine we were using in North Carolina, brought up the head of production and set up in the Garment District,” Wainwright said.
It’s worked out well.
“You have to learn how to design but also how to source and the Garment District is priceless for that. You can’t do that in London or Chicago. If the Garment District was to disappear, it sounds dramatic, but New York might cease to be the focus of the garment industry,” he said.
Control, craftsmanship and quick turnaround are things designers appreciate most about the Garment District, says Steven Kolb, president of the Council of Fashion Designers of America.
He says the CFDA did an informal survey of its members and most reported producing some part of their line in New York, but what’s driving the fashion business now in the city is publishing and public relations.
“It’s not to me black or white,” Kolb says. “It’s about a balance of preserving the infrastructure of an industry and modernizing the neighborhood.”
More articles
January 29th, 2008
One-stop garment centre
Malaysia Star, Malaysia
KUALA LUMPUR: Kenanga Wholesale City Sdn Bhd is establishing a one-stop garment wholesale centre at a development cost of RM300mil.
The 22-storey Kenanga Wholesale City to be completed in three years, was located in the heart of the established Kenanga area well known for its wholesale fashion business, said group chief executive Yee Ia Howe.
Due to the inadequate trading area, entrepreneurs were unable to expand their business and space was lacking for newcomers, he said, adding that this had stagnated growth in the area.
“The development strategy for the Kenanga Wholesale City is to further expand the garment wholesale business,†Yee said at the soft launch of the three-acre project off Jalan Kenanga.yesterday.
The proposed development with a total gross built-up area of 1.8 million sq ft and net lettable retail area of 500,000 sq ft would offer 790 new business lots, double the current number of shop lots, thus providing more business opportunities, Yee said.
“The proposed units of 300 to 600 sq ft, at current market prices of RM1,980 to RM3,300 per sq ft, will provide good capital appreciation for buyers,†he said, adding that the project was 70% sold.
Kenanga Wholesale City would also provide facilities to supporting businesses such as express mailing and logistics, ATM banking service and moneychangers.
Yee said his management would also work with the Malaysia Garments Wholesale Exports and Import Merchants Association to explore business opportunities in Indonesia, Singapore, Thailand, Taiwan and the Philippines.
“Garment wholesalers in Kenanga cater mainly to the local market. Exports make up only 30% of total trade. We hope to increase foreign trade by promoting Kenanga overseas,†he said.
Deputy Finance Minister Datuk Dr Ng Yen Yen, who graced the soft-launch earlier, expressed confidence that the one-stop centre would help boost the tourism industry.
January 24th, 2008
Welfare panel for garment units
Published: Wednesday, 23 January, 2008, 08:16 AM Doha Time
By Mizan Rahman
Gulf Times, Qatar
DHAKA: In a move aimed to end labour strife, the army-backed caretaker government yesterday decided to form welfare committee at every garment factory for ensuring “overall welfare and enhancing living standard†of the workers working in the garment industry.
Besides, as a measure of streamlining the sector, the government also decided to introduce service book at each factory.
“The welfare committee will comprise five to 10 members in co-ordination with garment factory officials and workers,†said an official announcement yesterday.
The decisions were taken in a meeting with officials of the Bangladesh Garment Manufacturers and Exporters Association, Bangladesh Knitwear Manufacturers and Exporters Association and officials and workers’ leaders of seven garment factories in Mirpur area, held at the Local Government, Labour and Employment Ministry. The adviser, Anwar Iqbal, presided over the meeting.
Addressing the meeting, the adviser urged the mid-level officials to work as a “bridge for welfare of the owners and workers†of the apparel sector.
January 23rd, 2008
Int’l textile and garment machinery exhibition ‘08 underway
UNB, Dhaka
A four-day international textile and garment machinery exhibition began here Sunday, showcasing the latest fashion trends, new technologies and material services for textile in trade.
Textiles and Jute Adviser Mohammed Anwarul Iqbal inaugurated the 5th International Textile and Garment Machinery Exhibition ‘08 at Bangladesh-China Friendship Conference Center (BCFCC).
Bangladesh Textile Mills Association (BTMA) and ES Event Management, SDN, and BHD of Malaysia jointly organised the exhibition.
Some 415 exhibitors from countries like the USA, the UK, Germany, Switzerland, France, Italy, Spain, South Korea, Singapore, China, India, Hong Kong, Turkey, Belgium, Canada, Taiwan, Australia and host Bangladesh have assembled in ‘one stop selling and searching platform’ with world-class latest textile machinery.
Describing the textile industry as the most vital sector in empowering the country’s women, Anwarul Iqbal said this sector provides jobs to five million people of which 80 percent are women. “The sector contributes 13 percent to our GDP as 78 percent of the total export earnings come from textile and related products,” he told. Anwarul Iqbal said state of art technology is replacing the old ones in the textile and clothing sectors, boosting productivity, improving quality and increasing cost effectiveness.
“This exhibition will surely provide an opportunity to our people to witness the technological development taking place globally, as the exposition is being held at our doorstep,” he hoped.
Speaking at the inaugural session, BTMA president Abdul Hai Sarker said the show has become an annual event of BTMA and this year’s exposition has attained a far greater height compared to previous years’ ones.
“This year some 415 exhibitors from 26 countries who are the major manufacturers of textile machinery are participating in this exhibition with 730 booths; Last year, some 236 exhibitors from 25 countries took part in the show,” he said.
The BTMA president hoped that the exposition would provide a unique opportunity for local entrepreneurs and textile and garment manufacturers to have a glimpse of the technological advancements taken place in the international textile trade.
January 22nd, 2008
Labor sanctions garment manufacturer for untimely filing of renewal, appeal
Saipan Tribune, Micronesia
By Ferdie de la Torre
Reporter
The Department of Labor has sanctioned a garment manufacturer for its untimely filing of appeal on the denial of its renewal application for an ironer.
Labor Administrative Hearing Officer Jerry Cody also determined that Kyung Seung Saipan Inc. also untimely filed the 2006 renewal application for the ironer, Shaofa Su.
Kyung Seung Saipan, which took over the management of Rifu Apparel Corp., was sanctioned and ordered to pay $480 to the CNMI Treasury.
Cody reversed the Labor director’s decision that denied Kyung Seung’s 2006 renewal application for Su.
The hearing officer said since the time period for the 2006 renewal application has passed and a 2007 renewal application is currently pending, the Labor Division should process the 2007 application, provided that the employer pays the sanction.
According to Labor records, Su worked as an ironer for employer Rifu Apparel Corp. under a nonresident work permit that expired on July 7, 2006.
Kyung Seung Saipan filed a renewal application for Mr. Su on Aug. 22, 2006-46 days late.
On Nov. 28, 2006, the Labor Division denied the application on the grounds that it was untimely filed.
Kyung Seung waited more than eight months to file an appeal of the denial.
In his administrative order, Cody said that, at the hearing, he first addressed whether or not to dismiss the appeal based on its untimely filing.
After deciding to allow the appeal to proceed, Cody said he took testimony from the employer’s local manager, Juanita Angel, regarding the employer’s reasons for the late filing of the renewal application.
After hearing the testimony, Cody said, the Labor Division recommended that the hearing officer allow the appeal to proceed, reverse the denial and sanction the employer for its conduct.
Under these facts, the hearing officer said he could dismiss the appeal, affirm the denial and give transfer relief to the worker.
However, he said, Kyung Seung and Su asked to be allowed to preserve this employment relationship and agreed to pay monetary sanctions for their conduct.
“This employer testified at hearing that after Kyung Seung Saipan Inc. took over management at Rifu Apparel Corp., the new management neglected to realize that Su’s renewal application was due,†Cody said.
Cody said as soon as the employer discovered its mistake, it took steps to rectify the situation.
At the hearing, he noted, the employer accepted responsibility for its mistake and promised to be more diligent in monitoring the expiration dates of its employees’ permits.
January 21st, 2008
End of quotas sends UAE garment units overseas
by VM Sathish on Saturday,January 19,2008
Emirates Business 24/7, United Arab Emirates
Hopes of a revival of the UAE’s garment industry have been hit by the suspension of talks with the United States on a free trade agreement. And delays to negotiations between the Gulf Co-operation Council and the European Union – the longest ever for a free trade pact – have added to the gloom.
The industry flourished until January 2005 when the garment quota system – which gave guaranteed access to markets in the US and Europe – was scrapped. Many of the 400 factories across the Emirates have either closed or shifted operations to countries that still have preferential access such as Bahrain, Oman, Jordan, Egypt, Morocco, Kenya and Bangladesh. But the managers of 20 large units still operating in the Jebel Ali Free Zone, Sharjah, Ajman, Abu Dhabi and Umm Al Quwain remained confident that business would pick up once a trade deal was reached
However last month Emirates Business reported that talks with the US would not be resumed with the current administration in Washington – hitting hopes of an upturn.
The outlook for GCC-EU free trade discussions looks more hopeful, with some reports saying an agreement could be signed soon. “The garment industry has been looking anxiously at the UAE’s free trade negotiations with the US and the EU, the two largest markets for exporters,†said Anil Kapur, Managing Director of the Trendy Garments factory in Dubai. “The value of garment exports, which was more than $2 billion (Dh7.3bn) per year in 2002, is negligible now. In the 1990s there were more than 400 garment units in the UAE but 75 per cent have closed.
“A revival will be possible only when a free trade agreement with the US or Europe is signed – there is no guarantee about it now,†said Kapur.
Shakheel Alam, Marketing Manager of Sara Textiles at Umm Al Quwain Free Zone, said: “Many of the garment units which operated in the UAE have converted their premises to other businesses such as bulk construction materials like timber and steel.â€
In 2005 the Dubai Chamber of Commerce and Industry conducted a survey among 39 textile and garment units. More than 90 per cent of the participants said they believed a free trade agreement with the US would revive the industry. All the units exported more than 60 per cent of their production to the US and Europe.
The garment industry has been badly affected by dollar and euro exchange rate fluctuations. More than 90 per cent of the raw materials are sourced from abroad and the increase in the oil price and unfavourable exchange rate movement have forced up prices.
New labour welfare measures have increased salary and benefits costs. Alam added: “While a worker in Bangladesh earns $50 per month one in the UAE costs $500 – including food, accommodation, travel and other items. Chinese and Indian companies have a huge advantage in terms of volume and labour costs. We export 70 to 80 per cent of our production. Many units which moved their operations to Jordan, Egypt, Kenya or Bangladesh save 30 per cent duty in the US and EU markets.â€
The UAE and the US began free trade negotiations in March 2005 with a view to removing trade barriers for goods and service. Early last year the two sides announced they would not be able to complete the negotiations in the timeframe that had been set but that both sides remained committed to completing the negotiations at some later date.
Then came last month’s announcement that the talks would not restart until a new president entered the White House in January 2009. Last week it was reported that a GCC-EU agreement could be signed early this year. Officials said only a few small details still needed to be finalised.
There was heavy political pressure to accelerate the negotiations a year ago as some economists warned that further delays could lead to changes in the terms of reference with the EU adopting new criteria for negotiating FTAs. This added to the uncertainty faced by the UAE garment industry. But in the event the criteria did not change as the EU was said to be keen to sign a treaty.
The EU accounted for 27.5 per cent of total UAE imports in 2006 while just 5.6 of the UAE’s non-oil exports and 14.1 per cent of the re-exports went to the EU, according to UAE’s Central Bank. A report on the UAE’s garment industry by the Emirates Industrial Bank said the decline in the number of factories began in the run-up to the abolition of the international quota system.
The fall began in 1998 and by 2004 the number of garment units in UAE had come down to 151, employing about 27,000 people. In 2006 the number of operational firms was around 100. The report said: “Several firms have relocated while maintaining offices in UAE. Garment production is easy to relocate without major transportation and/or installation costs. The choice for relocation destinations are Jordan and sub-Saharan Africa, areas which are receiving preferential treatment from the US in the form of duty-free access to the American market.â€
The quota scheme, which nurtured the industry by guaranteeing small nations access to the US and Europe, was abolished to provide consumers in the West with cheap imported products. The system had enabled the UAE industry to flourish despite lacking raw materials such as textile yarn and fabrics, cheap labour and a large domestic market to support manufacturers.
The elimination of quotas in 2005 was agreed 10 years previously at the Uruguay round of world trade talks. The move caused a worldwide relocation of the industry – with China and India as the major beneficiaries.
The rise and fall of the garment industry
The $800 billion (Dh2.9 trillion) global garment industry is one of the most dispersed of all businesses, with some companies manufacturing goods simultaneously in 40 countries.
And the geographical distribution of the industry has changed greatly over the past 50 years.
Globally the industry is an engine for export-oriented industrialisation and employment creation.
The industrialised countries underwent a massive restructuring process from the late 1950s onwards, which saw an unprecedented shift of production towards countries that were then classed as “least developedâ€. This revolution affected mainly labour-intensive industries such as garment manufacturing.
The southeast Asian countries, Hong Kong, South Korea, China and India came to dominate the industry.
Hundreds of garment units in the UAE were started by investors from India, Pakistan and southeast Asia. Now most have shifted their operations to other countries to take advantage of free trade agreements with the United States.
January 21st, 2008
Labor sanctions garment manufacturer for untimely filing of renewal, appeal
Saipan Tribune, Micronesia
By Ferdie de la Torre
Reporter
The Department of Labor has sanctioned a garment manufacturer for its untimely filing of appeal on the denial of its renewal application for an ironer.
Labor Administrative Hearing Officer Jerry Cody also determined that Kyung Seung Saipan Inc. also untimely filed the 2006 renewal application for the ironer, Shaofa Su.
Kyung Seung Saipan, which took over the management of Rifu Apparel Corp., was sanctioned and ordered to pay $480 to the CNMI Treasury.
Cody reversed the Labor director’s decision that denied Kyung Seung’s 2006 renewal application for Su.
The hearing officer said since the time period for the 2006 renewal application has passed and a 2007 renewal application is currently pending, the Labor Division should process the 2007 application, provided that the employer pays the sanction.
According to Labor records, Su worked as an ironer for employer Rifu Apparel Corp. under a nonresident work permit that expired on July 7, 2006.
Kyung Seung Saipan filed a renewal application for Mr. Su on Aug. 22, 2006-46 days late.
On Nov. 28, 2006, the Labor Division denied the application on the grounds that it was untimely filed.
Kyung Seung waited more than eight months to file an appeal of the denial.
In his administrative order, Cody said that, at the hearing, he first addressed whether or not to dismiss the appeal based on its untimely filing.
After deciding to allow the appeal to proceed, Cody said he took testimony from the employer’s local manager, Juanita Angel, regarding the employer’s reasons for the late filing of the renewal application.
After hearing the testimony, Cody said, the Labor Division recommended that the hearing officer allow the appeal to proceed, reverse the denial and sanction the employer for its conduct.
Under these facts, the hearing officer said he could dismiss the appeal, affirm the denial and give transfer relief to the worker.
However, he said, Kyung Seung and Su asked to be allowed to preserve this employment relationship and agreed to pay monetary sanctions for their conduct.
“This employer testified at hearing that after Kyung Seung Saipan Inc. took over management at Rifu Apparel Corp., the new management neglected to realize that Su’s renewal application was due,†Cody said.
Cody said as soon as the employer discovered its mistake, it took steps to rectify the situation.
At the hearing, he noted, the employer accepted responsibility for its mistake and promised to be more diligent in monitoring the expiration dates of its employees’ permits.
January 21st, 2008
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